Danger • Identify and make sure the is no at the surroundings Response • Tap on patient’s shoulder, and ask “Hello, are you okay?”• Quick assessment at GCS level Shout for Help • Shout to call 999, get AED Airway Assessment • Look for any of upper airway obstruction • Open airway – head tilt […]
“Any bleed within the cranium is a medical emergency!” Introduction Classification • VS • VS Subtopics Blood • FBC• Coagulation profile • Imaging — (i) Possible findings:• Haematoma• Hydrocephalus• Midline shift (ii) Estimation of haematoma volume: Tips in Referring Neurosurgery for ICB Intracranial haemorrhage requires Neurosurgical referral, but not all intracranial haemorrhage require neurosurgical intervention. […]
Introduction • Digoxin competes with potassium to bind to potassium binding sites then inhibits sodium-potassium pump in cardiac myocytes→ affects cardiac contraction force, rate and rhythm Precaution 🚪 Is the patient hypokalaemic? Clinical Use • Supraventricular arrhythmias (especially atrial fibrillation / atrial flutter) Dose Rapid digitalization — Intravenous• Initial loading dose: 0.25 – 0.5 mg […]
“Is the patient responsive to fluid? Does the patient require more fluid? Will further fluid resuscitation cause overload?” How to Predict Fluid Responsiveness? • : Inferior vena cava diameter• Central venous pressure (CVP)• Passive leg raise test Input & Output Balance • Insensible fluid loss in an adult is ≈500 mL per day Further Reading […]
Steps of Examination a. Head / Face • Look for =====OTHERS:• : ask patient to say ‘British Constitution’ b. Upper limbs • Shake hand to test • Ask patient to lift arms (forward), look for • : Ask the patient to touch his or her nose with the index finger and then turn the finger […]
Q&A
“Abdominal pain — medical causes / surgical causes / O&G causes” History Taking Site: Ask patient to use one finger to point to the most painful region of the abdomen Differential Diagnosis O&G causes of abdominal pain • Ruptured ectopic pregnancy• Ruptured ovarian cyst • Endometriosis • Endometritis / Pelvic inflammatory disease / Tubo-ovarian abscess […]
“The biggest MISTAKE in managing acute appendicitis is to discharge patient from primary care with referral to SOPD as outpatient!” Related Posts Abdominal pain Important Points during Clerking / Presentation
Classification / Types Haemodynamically stable AFHaemodynamically unstable AF =====Fast AFRate controlled AF =====First detected AFParoxysmal AFPersistent AFPermanent AF Causes Presentation Symptomatic• Palpitations, SOB on exertion Asymptomatic• Identified from features in cardiac monitor / ECG Investigations ECG • Rate: can be >150 bpm• Rhythm: Irregularly irregular • P wave: absent• QRS complex: narrow Echocardiogram • TRO […]
Onset IV: less than 60 seconds, up to 2 – 3 minutes Duration of Action 30 – 60 minutes Dose Adverse Effects • Muscle wall rigidity• Respiratory distress• Hypotension Related Posts Further Reading