Important Components in a Case Note • • Date and time• • Make sure each continuation sheet has patient’s name & IC / RN Reminders • Case notes must be written , and precisely • Case note is a legal documentation and it is also a form of communication among colleagues / with other teams […]
I would divide investigations into 3 parts (i) Bedside test(ii) Blood test(iii) Other lab tests(iv) Imaging Bedside test • ECG• Dxt Point of care test (POCT) What is POCT?Simple medical tests that can be performed at the bedside without sending the specimen to the laboratory / sending patient to Radiology department Examples• Pulse oximetry• ECG• […]
Introduction Types of CT brain: CECT brain, Plain CT brain Indications for CT Brain • , as per Canadian Head CT Rule • TRO stroke / Intracranial bleed Related Posts Canadian Head CT Rule
Introduction • Daily requirement of potassium = 1mmol/kg (i.e. body weight) Definition • Hypokalaemia is serum potassium less than 3.5 mmol/L• Severe hypokalaemia: Serum K+ <2.5 mmol/L Common Causes (i) Inadequate intake (ii) Loss GI loss• vomiting / diarrhoea• High output stoma Loss from skin• Burns (iii) Redistribution into cells • ß-agonist e.g. Salbutamol• Investigations […]
Types of Shock & Causes (i) Hypovolemic shock • Haemorrhagic shock (ii) Cardiogenic shock • Myocardial infarction • Acute heart failure• Cardiomyopathy (iii) Obstructive shock • Cardiac tamponade• Tension pneumothorax• Pulmonary embolism (iv) Distributive shock • Anaphylactic shock• Septic shock• Neurogenic shock Shock Index = Heart Rate ÷ SBP • Normal: <0.7• Shock: >0.9• Poor […]
Description • Alternating QRS amplitude, seen in any or all leads on an ECG, with no additional changes to the conduction pathways of the heart Pathophysiology Alternating QRS amplitude is due to the effect of “swinging heart” from the fluid surrounding the heart Significance Typically associated with pericardial effusion / cardiac tamponade Other causes of […]
“Doktor, patient ini GCS drop!!” Differential Diagnosis • Hypoglycaemia• Electrolyte imbalance (e.g. hyponatraemia)• Acute stroke – ischaemic / haemorrhagic• Acute myocardial infarction• Pulmonary embolism• Shock, secondary to primary cause History Taking Some history to ask if you are first time seeing this patient • When was patient last well condition?• Patient currently admitted for what?• […]
Introduction • Cardiac tamponade = pericardial effusion that causes increased intrapericardial pressure, leading to reduced ventricular filling & reduced cardiac output Causes • • Viral infection • Tuberculosis • Malignancy• to the chest area Presentation Individual with underlying risk factors of cardiac tamponade, presented with acute onset of SOB + hypotension (shock) Symptoms • • […]
Introduction Causes Clinical Features Presentation • Altered mental status e.g. due to acute massive haemorrhagic stroke / intracranial bleed due to trauma etc. Symptoms • • Vomiting Signs • Cushing’s response: bradycardia + elevated BP• Altered GCS / Drowsiness • Irritability • Investigations Imaging CT brain • Effacement of the ventricles, basal cisterns and other […]