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Basic Science - Physiology

Adrenoceptors

Table Extra Notes

Categories
Medications

Beta-Blockers

Classification • Selective vs non-selective• Vasodilating vs non-vasodilating=====• First generation (e.g. propranolol), Second generation (e.g. Acebutolol, Atenolol, Metoprolol, Bisoprolol, Esmolol), Third generation – vasodilating • Third generation, ß1 selective (e.g. Nebivolol, Betaxolol)• Third generation, non selective — ß1, ß2, α1 (e.g. Labetalol, Carvedilol) • Selective — ß1 > ß2 (e.g. Atenolol, Metoprolol) ** ß-blocker is […]

Categories
Medications

Thiazide Diuretics

Classifications: (i) Thiazide e.g. (ii) Thiazide-like diuretics e.g. chlorthalidone (CTD), indapamide Mechanisms of Action Blocks Na+-Cl− co-transporter at the beginning of distal convoluted tubule → inhibits odium re absorption Natriuretics would alter long term sodium balance → reduced peripheral vascular resistance & sustained BP reduction As more sodium reaching collecting duct, hypokalaemia occurs Indications Hypertension […]

Categories
O&G

Vaginal Candidiasis

Presentation ≥1 of the following:• Vaginal discharge (typicallyu thick & adherent) • “External” dysuria• Vaginal itching• Vaginal burning• Vaginal swelling• Dyspareunia Physical Examinaiton • Whitish coating on vaginal wall Treatment • Clotrimazole (Canesten®) 500 mg ON x1/7 Reference https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459317/

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Anaesthetics

Oxygen Therapy

Different Types of Oxygen Therapy Q&A Reference Oxygen therapy: simple face mask

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Medications

Common Medications (in adults)

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Calculator

Serum Osmolality / Osmolal Gap

Introduction • Osmolal gap = measured serum osmolality – calculated serum osmolality• Calculated serum osmolality = 2[+] + + • Marked increased osmolal gap (>25 mOsm) is pathognomonic of toxic alcohol poisoning! Calculator

Categories
Presentation

Chest Pain

ACS evaluations account for 10 – 20% of chest pain in ED. Therefore, when patients present with chest pain, it must be clerked properly! SOCRATES • S: retrosternal / localized pain / left or right sided • O: does the pain start?• C: pressure / sharp • R: jaw / left shoulder / arms • […]

Categories
Procedure

Blood Film for Malaria Parasite // Thick & Thin Smear

Equipment • 1mL syringe• Needle (blue) • Glass slides x2 • • Marker pen for label How to perform thick & thin smear?

Categories
Internal Medicine

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

“Time is muscle” Introduction Clinical spectrum of ACS Anatomy-related • Left anterior descending () artery: anteroseptal infarct • Circumflex branch of LCA: posterior wall of LV; • Right coronary artery: posterior and inferior wall of LV; posterior part of septum; right ventricle; SA node; AV node Differential diagnoses • Aortic dissection Presentation / History Taking […]

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