Last Updated on October 16, 2022
Causes
Valvular causes
• Infective endocarditis
• Rheumatic fever
• Bicuspid aortic valve
Aortic root dilatation
• Marfan’s syndrome
• Ehler-Danlos syndrome
• Bicuspid aortic valve
• Hypertension
• Aortic dissection
• Ankylosing spondylitis
• Syphilis
Clinical Features
Symptoms
• Shortness of breath
• Heart failure symptoms
Signs
• Wide pulse pressure
• Collapsing pulse
• Murmurs: Early diastolic murmur, Austin-Flint murmur (in severe AR)
Eponymous signs
• Ashrafian’s sign
• Becker’s sign
• Corrigan’s sign
• De Musset’s sign
• Duroziez’s sign
• Gerhardt’s sign
• Hill’s sign
• Mayne’s sign
• Müller’s Sign
• Quincke’s sign
• Traube’s sign
• ‘Pistol shot’ femorals
• Rosenbach’s sign
• Landolffi’s sign
• Sherman’s sign
Investigations
• Echocardiography
Management
Medical
• Treatment of heart failure
Surgical
Indications
• Symptomatic + severe AR
• Asymptomatic + severe AR + left ventricular systolic dysfunction